Alternating Current (AC) – The main grid and all of your electrical appliances run on AC. That means the flow of electricity constantly changes direction between positive and negative sides. Generally, mains current shifts direction at a rate of 60 times per second. (opposite of direct current or DC)
Ambient Temperature – The temperature of the surrounding area.
Amorphous Silicon – A thin-film, silicon photovoltaic cell having no crystalline structure. Manufactured by depositing layers of doped silicon on a substrate. See also single-crystal silicon an polycrystalline silicon.
Ampere (Amp) – The unit of measure that indicates how much electricity flows through a conductor. It is like using cubic feet per second to measure the flow of water. For example, a 1,200-watt, 120-volt hair dryer pulls 10 amperes of electric current (amps = watts/volts).
Ampere-Hour (Ah/AH) – A measure of the flow of current (in amperes) over one hour; used to measure battery capacity.
Annual Solar Savings – The annual solar savings of a solar building is the energy savings attributable to a solar feature relative to the energy requirements of a non-solar building.
Average Demand – The energy demand for a given location over a period of time. For example, the number of kilowatt-hours used in a 24-hour period, divided by 24 hours, tells the average demand for that location in that time.
Avoided Cost – The amount of money an electric utility would need to spend for the next increment of electric generation to produce or purchase.
Azimuth Angle – The angle between true south and the point on the horizon directly below the sun.
Battery back-up – Batteries can be sold with your solar electric system. They can store the electricity that you don’t use immediately, so that you can use it later. This is your best protection against black-outs, as by law your power has to be cut in a black-out even if you are using solar power.
Capacity Factor – The ratio of the average load on (or power output of) an electricity generating unit or system to the capacity rating of the unit or system over a specified period of time.
Circuit – One or more conductors through which electricity flows.
Concentrator – A photovoltaic module, which includes optical components such as lenses (Fresnel lens) to direct and concentrate sunlight onto a solar cell of smaller area. Most concentrator arrays must directly face or track the sun. They can increase the power flux of sunlight hundreds of times.
Converter – An electrical apparatus that changes the quantity or quality of electrical energy.
Crystalline Silicon – A type of photovoltaic cell made from a slice of single-crystal silicon or polycrystalline silicon.
Customer Load – The amount of power your site uses. Load may be expressed in kilowatts (capacity) or kilowatt-hours (energy). A site’s peak kilowatts generally refers to when electric demand requirements are highest.
Demand – The level at which electricity is delivered to end-users at a given point in time. Electric demand in measured in kilowatts.
Direct Current (DC)- The flow of electricity that flows continuously in one direction. This is the type of current which is produced by your solar energy system, and must be converted to alternating current (AC) by your inverter before you can use it.
Electrical Grid – The electricity transmission and distribution system that links power plants to customers through high-power transmission line service.
Energy – The capability of doing work; different forms of energy can be converted to other forms, but the total amount of energy remains the same.
Energy Audit – A survey that shows how much energy used in a home, which helps find ways to use less energy.
Fixed Tilt Array – A photovoltaic array set in at a fixed angle with respect to horizontal.
Grid-Connected System – A solar electric or photovoltaic (PV) system in which the PV array acts like a central generating plant, supplying power to the grid.
Hertz – The unit of electromagnetic frequency that is equal to one cycle per second.
Interconnection – The linkage of transmission lines between two utilities, or between a utility and an end-user, enabling power to be moved in either direction.
Insolation – The solar power density incident on a surface of stated area and orientation. It is commonly expressed as average irradiance in watts per square meter (W/m2) or kilowatt-hours per square meter per day (kW·h/(m2·day)) (or hours/day). In the case of photovoltaics it is commonly measured as kWh/(kWp·y) (kilowatt hours per year per kilowatt peak rating)
Inverter – A device that converts direct current electricity to alternating current either for stand-alone systems or to supply power to an electricity grid.
Irradiance – The direct, diffuse, and reflected solar radiation that strikes a surface. Usually expressed in kilowatts per square meter. Irradiance multiplied by time equals insolation.
Kilowatt (kW) – 1,000 watts. A unit of measure of the amount of electricity needed to operate given equipment. For example, a one kW system is enough power to illuminate 10 light bulbs at 100 watts each. (volts x amps = watts)
Kilowatt-hour (kWh) – The amount of kW produced over a period of time, or one kilowatt of electricity supplied for one hour. For example, a one kW system, if operating at full capacity for 5 hours will produce (or use) 5 kWh of electricity.
Mains Grid – The interconnection of electricity generation plants through the transmission and distribution lines to customers. The grid also refers to the interconnection of utilities through the electric transmission and distribution systems.
Maximum Power Point (MPP) – The point on the current-voltage (I-V) curve of a module under illumination, where the product of current and voltage is maximum. For a typical silicon cell, this is at about 0.45 volts.
Megawatt – One thousand kilowatts or one million watts. One megawatt is enough to power 1,000 average California homes. Meter – A device that measures levels and volumes of customer’s electricity use.
Mounting Equipment – Equipment/apparatus used to fasten solar (PV) modules to the roof. Peak Load – The highest electrical demand within a particular period of time.
Multicrystalline – A semiconductor (photovoltaic) material composed of variously oriented, small, individual crystals. Sometimes referred to as polycrystalline or semicrystalline.
Net Metering – These grid-connected PV systems allow residential customers to run their electric meters backwards or offsetting their normal utility bill. A new meter is still needed to be fitted by a licenced electrician.
One-Axis Tracking – A tracking system capable of rotating about one axis.
Orientation – Placement with respect to the cardinal directions, N, S, E, W; azimuth is the measure of orientation from north.
Peak Sun Hours – The equivalent number of hours per day when solar irradiance averages 1,000 w/m2. For example, six peak sun hours means that the energy received during total daylight hours equals the energy that would have been received had the irradiance for six hours been 1,000 w/m2.
Photovoltaic Cell or Module or Panel (PV) – A device that produces an electric reaction to light, thereby producing electricity.
Photovoltaic (PV) Array – An interconnected system of PV modules that function as a single electricity-producing unit. The modules are assembled as a discrete structure, with common support or mounting. In smaller systems, an array can consist of a single module.
Photovoltaic (PV) Conversion Efficiency – The ratio of the electric power produced by a photovoltaic device to the power of the sunlight incident on the device.
Polycrystalline Silicon – A material used to make photovoltaic cells, which consist of many crystals unlike single-crystal silicon.
Solar Energy – Heat and light radiated from the sun.
Solar Panel – Devices that collect energy from the sun (solar energy). This is usually solar photovoltaic (PV) modules that use solar cells to convert light from the sun into electricity, or solar thermal (heat) collectors that use the sun’s energy to heat water or another fluid such as oil or antifreeze.
Solar Resource – The amount of solar insolation a site receives, usually measured in kWh/m2/day, which is equivalent to the number of peak sun hours.
Solar Thermal – The process of concentrating sunlight to create high temperatures that are needed to heat fluids, like water (solar hot water) or to vaporize fluid to drive a turbine for electric power generation.
Stand-Alone System – An autonomous or hybrid photovoltaic system not connected to a grid. May or may not have storage, but most stand-alone systems require batteries or some other form of storage.
Storage – Storage refers to saving surplus electricity produced by a photovoltaic (PV) system. Generally, batteries are used as storage devices.
String – A number of photovoltaic modules or panels interconnected electrically in series to produce the operating voltage required by the load.
Tracking Equipment – Structure that houses PV modules and that can automatically follow the sun across the sky throughout the day to maximize output.
Volt (V) – The amount of force required to drive a steady current of one ampere through a resistance of one ohm. Electrical systems of most homes and offices use 120 volts. (volts – watts/amps) (volts = amperes x resistance)
Watt (W) – Electric measurement of power at one point in time, as capacity or demand. For example, light bulbs are classified by wattage. (1,000 watts = 1 kilowatt).
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